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Battle of Jenkins' Ferry
The Battle of Jenkins' Ferry (April 30, 1864) was fought in present-day Grant County, Arkansas, during the American Civil War. It was the climactic battle of the Camden Expedition, part of the Red River Campaign. As a result of the battle, United States forces were able to complete a successful retreat from a precarious position at Camden to their defenses at Little Rock.
==Prelude==
In March 1864, the United States Army in Louisiana under the command of Major-General Nathaniel Banks and the United States Navy operating on the Mississippi River under the command of Admiral David Porter launched the Red River Campaign. The campaign's immediate objective was the capture of Shreveport, Louisiana, which was the headquarters of General Kirby Smith, commander of the Confederate Trans-Mississippi Department. Shreveport also was the temporary capital of Louisiana, a major supply depot and a gateway to Texas. An incidental objective of the campaign was to purchase cotton, which was in short supply in the northern States and thereby possibly to win the loyalty of planters along the river for the United States. It was thought this action might expand Reconstruction in Louisiana.〔McPherson, James, M., ed., ''The Atlas of the Civil War'', p. 148. Philadelphia, PA: Running Press Book Publishers, 2005. ISBN 978-0-7624-2356-9. In the event, the naval force and accompanying soldiers in particular alienated the local population by simply confiscating or destroying cotton.〕 Henry Halleck, Major-General and General-in-Chief of the Armies of the United States, who devised the plan, also wanted to open the road to the occupation of Texas by U.S. forces and to discourage French incursions from Mexico.〔Heidler, David S. and Heidler, Jeanne T., eds., ''Encyclopedia of the American Civil War: A Political, Social and Military History'', p. 1616. New York, NY: W.W. Norton & Company, Inc., 2000. ISBN 0-393-04758-X. Article on Red River Campaign by R. Blake Dunnavent.〕 France had invaded and occupied Mexico in June 1863, setting up a government under their puppet "emperor," Maximilian.〔Foote, Shelby, ''The Civil War, A Narrative, Red River to Appomattox'', pp. 376–377. Volume 3 of 3. New York: Random House, Inc., 1974. ISBN 0-394-46512-1 (v. 3); McPherson, James M., ''Battle Cry of Freedom'', pp. 683–684. New York: Oxford University Press, 1988. ISBN 0-19-503863-0〕
Since President Lincoln had approved the Red River Campaign plan before promoting Ulysses Grant to Lieutenant-General and appointed him General-in-Chief, Grant felt he could not stop the campaign. Grant did try to hurry its execution because he would have preferred to use a 10,000–man force which was diverted to the campaign to reinforce Major-General William Sherman in Sherman's drive from north Georgia to Atlanta. Grant also would have liked to have pinned down more Confederate troops in Alabama with an attack on the Confederate stronghold at Mobile.〔Foote, vol. 3, 1974, p. 25〕
General Banks had a force of at least 20,000 men available near New Orleans for the campaign.〔Foote, vol. 3, 1974, p. 28〕 He was to be joined by 10,000 men of Sherman's army from Vicksburg, Mississippi under the command of Brigadier-General Andrew Smith. Smith's force accompanied Porter's flotilla up the Red River. Initially they were successful in capturing Fort DeRussy to open passage up the Red River.〔Heidler ed., Dunavent, 2000, p. 1616〕 Major-General Frederick Steele commanding approximately 14,000 men also was supposed to move his forces in support of Banks against Shreveport from their bases to the north at Little Rock, Fort Smith, and Pine Bluff, Arkansas.〔
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